A neural spine sail is a large, flattish protrusion from the back of an animal formed of a sequence of extended vertebral spinous processes and associated tissues. Such structures are …

Jun 21, 2014 · Looking at the bottom of figure 2 we can see that the neural spines holding up the sail in Hydrosaurus pustulatus are both elongated and anteroposteriorly expanded, just like the …

Apr 3, 2020 · Vertebral neural spine hyper-elongation (NSH) is a rare phenomenon in tetrapod backbones that gives the appearance of a dorsally protruding “sail” or “fin” on the animal.

Several dinosaurs, notably Ouranosaurus and Spinosaurus, have vertebral columns marked by prominent arrays of elongated neural spines.

We describe a new hyper-elongated neural spine belonging to the earliest ophiacodontid synapsid Echinerpeton intermedium, from the Pennsylvanian-aged deposits of Florence, Nova Scotia. …

Thus, the functional morphology by lengthening of of the lever arm (neural spine) and enlarging the Dimetrodon spines is thoroughly consistent with associated the sail muscle hy- masses.

Mar 29, 2011 · Abstract: The Permo-Carboniferous Edaphosauridae is an extinct family of omnivorous and herbivorous basal synapsids in which a dorsal sail, comprised of a series of …

Dec 3, 2024 · A neural spine sail is a large, flattish protrusion from the back of an animal colinear with the spine. Many extinct species of amphibians and reptiles have very extended neural …

The microscopic anatomy of each spine varies from base to tip, indicating where it was embedded in the muscles of the back and where it was exposed as part of a sail.

Oct 12, 2025 · In the vast panorama of prehistoric life, few creatures capture the imagination quite like the sail-backed dinosaurs. With their distinctive neural spine extensions forming dramatic …