At either end of the esophagus the ciliated epithelium gives rise to esophageal glands. The upper esophagus is derived from branchial arches 4, 5, and 6, but the derivation of the lower esophagus is ...
THIS report considers the following aspects of thoracic surgery; anatomy; physiology; cancer of the lung; tuberculosis; empyema; bronchiectasis; lung abscess; spontaneous pneumothorax; pectus ...
Antireflux barriers prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, and their dysfunction leads to gastroesophageal reflux disease and or dysphagia. The antireflux barriers include two ...
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